2015年12月12日土曜日

Q68. What is guilt?

Guilt is an attitude when one expects the loss of love.

  Guilt is also called remorse. As well a sense of responsibility is a variation of guilt.
  Guilt is an emotion derived from expecting to feel sad.
  Guilt is felt when people feel that they betrayed the expectation of a person who they love. Religious guilt is also felt when people feel that they betrayed the expectation of the existence which they call God.
  At these times it is the expectations of a person who they love that is betrayed, not the expectations of a person who loves them, so guilt doesn't need mutual love.
  Also, since guilt is unpleasant it has the effect of suppressing actions that threaten society, such as crimes.
  Guilt occurs when people reject a person because of his or her actions. For example, when a person was a child and did something bad his or her mother might have said, "Any child who does such things is not my child, get out of here!"  These experiences become fixed memories, so people also feel guilty when a situation reappears in which their actions are similar to those that lead to rejection from others.
  To avoid losing an object of love, guilt causes you to change yourself and jealousy causes you to change others.
  A person who doesn't feel guilt is troublesome, but a person who easily feels guilt is gloomy. It is impossible to keep changing oneself for others. We can assume that an introverted person easily feels guilt, and an extroverted person easily feels jealous.
  If a child cannot learn to love or trust others while growing up, there is a danger of the child not feeling guilt even after they have grown up. A person who doesn't love anyone won't feel guilt, so that person betrays or deceives others without a second thought. A solitary person who has a tenuous relationship with others easily commits a crime because he or she does not easily feel guilty about his or her behavior.
  Criminals sometimes have domestic problems. They don't know love so they don't have a resistance to losing it, and as a result they have this brake against committing crimes. To rehabilitate criminals we must be kind to them to teach them love ―― can we really do this though?
  Naturally there is a type who receives plenty of love but ends up spoiled so they lack guilt. Even if we give love to this type of person, there is no effect.
  The key to separating these two types is to check the person's sensitivity to jealousy. In the former type jealousy is weak, but the later become extremely jealous.
  People feel guilty not only when they actually betray a person who they love, but also when they expect that they will betray the expectations of a person they love. Generally we call this a sense of responsibility. In this case people's behaviors are usually acts of love, that is to say acts in which they help others, so it is a positive feeling, which is contrary to guilt.
  Guilt is not necessarily born from crimes. People feel guilty when they commit crimes because the person who they love doesn't approve of crimes. The reason people feel guilty if they murder someone but not if they kill someone in a war is because it is approved of by a person who they love.

2015年11月28日土曜日

Q67. What is pity?

Pity is an attitude when one empathizes with another's sadness.

  Pity is also called compassion or sympathy.
  Pity is an emotion which branches out from sadness that is caused by sympathy.
  People feel pity when they hear another's unfortunate story. Pity is an emotion of sympathy for the other's misfortune.
  People try to help an unfortunate person when they feel pity. For example, people weep with the person in sympathy, gently put their arm around the person's shoulders, or silently stay with the person.
  Usually emotions directly spread to others. However, since sadness is unpleasant if it spreads as it is to another person, people would avoid the person who feels sadness. So pity occurs as an emotion exceeding the pleasure or displeasure.
  Pity enhances the cooperation in a group. Pity is an emotion that branches out from sadness, it can be called an emotion that connects love's behaviors with a sad situation.

Q66. What is hatred?

Hatred is an attitude of anger when a love is lost.

  Hatred is an emotion that branches out from sadness depending on the situation.
  In many cases of revenge in the Edo period a person felt hatred towards his or her parent's enemy. The person whose family was killed hates the culprit. Hatred has an extreme intensity that exceeds anger. Hatred makes people take revenge. Out of all the emotions hatred is the most dangerous.
  The difference between hatred and anger is that hatred involves love, and also anger is a threat whereas hatred an attack.
  Hatred is an emotion that one feels towards what causes one to lose an object of love. This is originally an emotion directed towards other humans, but can be directed towards other creatures or natural phenomenon if the object is personified. It is possible to hate earthquakes for example if one's child dies in an earthquake.
  There is an inclination for believers of different religions to hate each other. The gods of a religion is given love, which is altruistic behavior without compensation. Many religions deny other gods from other religions. Since denial is the same as an attack against and object of love, so people easily hate believers of other religions.
  Love has the power to maintain families or groups. Hatred developed as a punishment for acts which lead to a group's destruction. Hatred punishes the person who doesn't respect another's love.
  However, the actual carrying out of acts of hatred is replaced by laws, so acts of hatred are a breach of the law]. In modern society the law has the same effect as hatred for everyone, so we must stop acts of hatred.
  Hatred may be peculiar to humans. A female gorilla will sometimes mate with the male who killed her infant. War and the killing of infants among chimpanzees has been recorded but there are no cases of revenge. Based on this gorillas and chimpanzees may not feel hatred.

2015年11月23日月曜日

Q65. What is jealousy?

Jealousy is an attitude in which we are on alert to prevent the loss of an object of love.

  Jealousy is an emotion derived from expecting to feel sadness.
  An older brother may pick on his new baby brother if he appears to be stealing away the mother's love. Or you may feel jealousy if you see your lover getting along well with another member of your gender. Jealousy occurs by expecting to lose an object of love.
  Therefore, if you love your job you may feel jealous of a capable person who could potentially take your job from you.
  When we feel jealousy we act to test that relationship in order to strengthen it. For example, a wife pinches her husband when he looks at an attractive women flirtatiously/longingly. It is a weak attack against the object of love. Jealousy is an emotion designed to maintain and affirm love. Jealousy can be called the defensive behavior of love.
  Jealousy is an emotion derived from sadness. Jealousy is an emotion which combines the actions of anger with the danger of losing the object of love. So there is an inclination for those who easily become angry to easily become jealous.
  Something similar to jealousy can be seen in chimpanzees. A chimpanzee male sometimes takes a female away from the group to mate, and if the female resists, the male repeatedly attacks and soothes. This is thought to be a prototype of jealousy and hate.

Q64. What is loneliness?

Loneliness is a feeling when an object of one's love is absent.

  Loneliness is the emotion branching out from sadness's appraisal.
  Loneliness is felt when we are alone or we don't have the object of love with us. We feel loneliness when we realize that the object of our altruistic behavior is not here. Loneliness can be called the opposite of happiness.
  Crying, the stagnation of various activities, or enhanced empathy for example are displays of loneliness, which is the same as sadness.
  The facial expression and behavior of loneliness has the purpose of requesting relief from others. This promotes obtaining a new object of love. Loneliness makes people change their behavior pattern by reappraising and reflecting on their lifestyle, and avoid loneliness which is unpleasant. This is the same as sadness.
  Pets can drive away loneliness because pets become the object of love. That some women have an unnaturally large number of potted plants for example is sometimes due to loneliness.

Q63. What is sadness?

Sadness is an urge when an object of love is lost.

  Sadness is also called sorrow, woe, or grief.
  Sadness is an emotion which branches out from love's disappearance.
  We feel sad when we lose a family member, or are apart and unable meet anymore. Sadness is the loss of the object of love. We feel sad when we lose the object of altruistic behavior.
  Sadness has a special facial expression. The inside ends of the eyebrows are raised, the eyes are narrowed aslant, and both ends of the mouth are lowered. Also the person typically cries. Tears are the main expression of sadness. Strong sadness makes them crouch down on the spot. Their physical movements slow down, which accompanies the stagnation of various activities.
  The act of crying is a signal that calls for others to come when something they cannot deal with alone occurs, so it occurs not only in sadness. Crying when sad is a message telling everyone that they lost their object of love and that they need a new object of love.
  The stagnation of various activities carries out the function of making the person reappraise and reflect on their lifestyle and change their behavior patterns. This is because something bad happened, so this is done to avoid it happening in the future.
  Sadness is unpleasant, so we make efforts to avoid sadness. The cause of sadness is the loss of the object of love, so we make efforts not to lose the object of our love.
  Also the person that is currently sad empathizes with other's emotions well. This is in order to find a new object of love.
  Therefore, it is an instinctively correct decision to court and win the heart of someone who is crying because they are sad at being dumped by the object of their love. From instinct's point of view, this is the purpose of sadness. However, since this is a genetic pattern and not that person's will, the possibility of being disliked is high.
  If a person doesn't feel sadness then he or she won't cry, and cannot get assistance from others which is an effect of crying. That person is strong, but gives the impression of being unapproachable. On the contrary, those who easily feel sad and cry are thought to be undependable and gloomy people.
  Sadness developed in humans because we can get the aid of our fellow humans by displaying sadness. We can assume that animals which form groups and live together can feel sadness. However, we can assume that birds, reptiles, and fish don't feel sadness. They can be seen doing strange things when they lose their partner, but this seems to be just confusion, not sadness.

Q62. What is honor?

Honor is a feeling in which the actions of love are appraised by the person.

  Honor is an emotion branching from love's appraisal. Honor is different from pride, which was previously mentioned. Pride is an emotion derived from shame, in other words, derived from anger.
  Honor is felt when a person's success at work is recognized by society or that his or her work should be recognized, when a persons's work is praised by others, or when a person realizes that he or she was helpful to others. In other words, honor is to feel that one's actions bring love to an unspecified large number of people.
  Honor urges people to take stable actions, to be decisive, to behave confidently, to make their actions more proactive than considerate.
  Honor is an emotion of appraisal for actions of love. Happiness is an appraisal of love's current situation, while honor is an appraisal of the actions of love. Also, happiness is mainly appraised at the family level. On the other hand, honor is mainly appraised at the bigger group level.
  A pro-democracy activist was captured and sentenced to death in a dictatorship. At that time people said it was an honorable death when he was executed without letting his beliefs be altered or fearing death. This is because they believed that this behavior was an act of love which gave courage to the people in that country.

Q61. What is happiness?

Happiness is a feeling in which love is satisfied.

  A sense of well-being is also a kind of happiness.
  Happiness is the emotion branching out from love's appraisal. Happiness is an emotion in which the current status of love is appraised.
  It is assumed that a newly married couple is happy during their wedding ceremony. The object of love is present, and the love is reciprocated. This is mutual love. Happiness is thought to be the degree of feeling satisfied with love's behavior. Of course there is no need to limit this to the relationships between men and women. Since love is an altruistic behavior without compensation, happiness will occur when altruistic behavior without compensation is mutual.
  In happiness people let go of their wariness, and rest both physically and mentally. It also causes their life style and pattern of thinking to stabilize. Happiness maintains success by not changing, which is to say a person becomes conservative.

2015年11月8日日曜日

Q60. What is love?

Love is an attitude in the form of the exchanges between a mother and child.

  The sixth basic emotion is love.
  Love is maternal instinct added to interest, in other words it is interest modified by the principle of blood selection, and also extends to others of the same species. Love is an emotion which branches out from interest depending on the situation.
  Love is not only that found between lovers, but also includes family love, parental love, fraternal love, love for humanity, and friendship. In addition, respect and worship are also variations of love.
  Actions of love in humans is to do something for another person, or accepting and staying with someone. Love is an unconscious sense of duty to do something for another.
  In the mother and child relationship, a mother gives love and her child receives this love. When these two sides are felt at the same time, it is love. Since human beings have a tendency to be neotenous, which means they retain child-like elements even after they become adults, so a child-like sensibility will remain in adults. For example, the desire to be spoiled or taken care of, a sensibility by which children depend on their mother, is not lost and coexists with love given to others as an adult. In love between adults both parties behave as both mother and child, mutually giving and taking.
  Parental love is indispensable to babies, and friendship among adults is also advantageous to survival. Love is connected to maintaining a group. Actions of love exist in most animals which look after their offspring. We can assume that they have love, but the love's size and complexity is different.
Love is helpful in maintaining a group.
  Love is maternal instinct, so it's primarily for females. Therefore, on average it is seen more strongly in females. The relationship of a parent and a child is eternal, so love can also be eternal.
  In the history of evolution, there is the condition that love spreads to others not only to children. Love develops in animals whose sustenance depends on its fortune/luck regardless of the individual's ability. These kinds of animals profit largely from helping others.
  For instance, researchers have confirmed that vampire bats may share blood they drank with each other. At that time the vampire bat first gives blood to another bat which gave it blood before regardless of their genetic relation. This can be said to be an act of love.
  Attachment behaviors can be seen in apes. Grooming and mouth-to-mouth feeding in apes corresponds to caresses and kisses in humans. Hugs and such actions are completely the same in both apes and humans.
  The triggers that cause love to occur are the object of love being cute like a baby, or sharing everyday life and an interest, for example, those going through life together, lovers, a husband and wife, or a parent and child. It is easy for love to appear between those who work together. In the case of the same sex, they usually become friends and it is called friendship.
  We easily feel love when the other person's interests, character, values, mannerism, or appearance is similar to our own. It is because the person who is similar to you is your child. We feel we want to do something for the person who is similar to us. So a husband and a wife, a parent and a child, and siblings cannot have love unless they share an interest or their lives.
  Love has a process.
  In the first step interest ,which can also be called fondness, makes us search for someone compatible. In this period, we endeavour to learn about the other person and try to like the same things for example.
  In the second step we act to test a relationship. We deliberately act in a way that the person may dislike to confirm how much we are accepted. For example, we tease each other when we become close to a person.
  Love between lovers includes attachment behaviors. Lovers cuddle each other like a child. The behavior is like that between a mother and child, in which the couple alternate between the roles of mother and child.
  A typical example of this is one of the lovers telling the other to open his or her mouth and feeding him or her. Researchers think that a kiss is a transformation of the primitive age behaviour of a mother giving a baby food after chewing it and making it soft. Skin contact such as caresses is originally designed to set a baby at ease. Holding hands is a behavior between a mother and a child. A lover is exactly like "my baby". Through these behaviors we unconsciously recall memories of our mother's love during our childhood. As a result an emotional memory of love is formed when this recalled emotion is directed towards our lover who is currently with us.
  An adopted child may behave like an infant to its new parents. They cry, throw a tantrum, want to use a diaper even though they are already potty trained, or want to breastfeed or use a bottle which they no longer need.
  Those who don't have a blood relation and don't experience mother-child behavior naturally need to trace a mother and child's relations to attain a deep relation like between parents and children. In this way we make emotional memories of love.

Q59. What is courage?

Courage is a synthetic emotion that is a combination of fear, and love or hope.

  The opposite emotion of fear is courage.
  Courage is to overcome fear by suppressing it and taking action. There is no courage without fear. To feel absolutely no fear is not courage. Courage is being aware of fear but not taking action based on fear.
  The reason we need courage is because as human culture developed situations in which fear is not an adaptive response increased. It is more dangerous if a person who encounters a bear just cowers in fear, even though the person has a hunting riffle.
  There are two kinds of courage, courage with hope (self-confidence) and courage with love. Courage is not a specially fixed emotion, but is fear plus hope or fear plus love.
  Acrobats do not fear heights when they walk a tightrope, this is because they have confidence to succeed, courage from hope.
  For example a parent jumping into a river to rescue their child is courage from love.
  We call it courage when a situation is scary and love or hope overcomes the fear. So without love or hope there is no courage. The strength of courage is in proportion to the strength of love or hope.
  In an old book from China, the Analects of Confucius, it says, "a benevolent person is brave, but a brave person is not necessarily benevolent." This means that all people who are truly compassionate towards others can act with courage, but a courageous person is not necessarily compassionate.

Q58. What is awe?

Awe is a response of inaction against fear.

  Awe is an emotion which branches out from fear depending on the situation. It is fear but there is no flight or resistance. It means that you save strength by not trying to pointlessly escape or resist for those times which judging something to be a threat is a mistake.
  Awe occurs when you meet an overwhelming strong force and feel that your destiny is decided regardless of your own decisions. A special feature of awe is that even though the object of awe is mightier than the object of fear there is little unpleasantness. An object of awe is also an object of respect, so awe sometimes occurs with love.

Q57. What is anxiety?

Anxiety is a feeling we get when we expect to feel fear.

  Anxiety is also called worry, uneasiness or apprehension.
  Anxiety is an emotion derived from expecting to feel fear. We feel it before an exam, in the dark, and in solitude. We also feel anxiety when entering an unknown world such as a first trip overseas. It is thought that anticipating fear makes people feel anxiety.
  Anxiety makes people act more carefully, and increases their wariness. For example people thoroughly carry out safety checks when anxious. Also people become tense to be able to respond at any time.
  Unlike depression, anxiety makes people unable to calm down and continue searching for a way to solve the problem.
  Anxiety is an emotion in which fear is sustained/prolonged by intellect. The feeling of tension as adapted for fear also occurs in anxiety. Cautiousness when it is dark or when one is alone is natural, but it is not needed as much in today's safe society, so the tension and excitement of anxiety is excessive.
  Anxiety is the fear of something which is not here. Anxiety cannot be formed without memory. It is thought that anxiety occurs because human beings have acquired good memories and imaginations, and have a notion of time.

Q56. What is relief?

Relief is a response when fear has disappeared.

  The derivative emotions of fear are relief, uneasiness, and awe.
  Relief occurs when fear or uneasiness, which is an expectation of fear, disappears. Relief is an emotion which branches out from fear's disappearance. For example, an airplane which we are riding shakes violently and after the shaking subsides we feel relieved. Relief occurs when one is released from danger or anxiety.
  When people feel relief they heave a sigh of relief and smile. After this they let go of their wariness and physically rest. The tension in the body has disappeared and the body is going to physically recuperate.

Q50. What is dissatisfaction?

Dissatisfaction is a feeling experienced when we expect anger.

  Dissatisfaction is an emotion derived from expecting to feel anger.
  Dissatisfaction is also called discontent.
  Dissatisfaction is an emotion in which a person's intellect predicts something that causes anger.
  Dissatisfaction occurs in situations in which we cannot avoid suppressing our anger. As a result, a dissatisfied person gives off a nervous energy which causes those around the person to start avoiding that person. The person's actions are strained, and they are tense both mentally and physically because dissatisfaction is not pleasant.
  This type of body that is tensed for fight or flight has no value because there is no object of anger. The mental excitement is also useless because it is used to make a quick decision. Dissatisfaction has little value in evolution. The only positive effect of dissatisfaction is that it encourages preparation to avoid it because it is unpleasant. We can also say dissatisfaction is a side effect of intellect.

Q55. What is fear?

Fear is a response to defend against dangers.

  The fifth basic emotion is fear.
  Fear is an emotion which branches out from interest depending on the situation. All fearful things are interesting. For example, herbivorous animals keep a reasonable distance from lions and cheetahs. Also chimpanzees or baboons sometimes surround a big python when they find it.
  Humans may feel fear when standing somewhere heigh or unstable, crossing a rope bridge, they are in front of a violent animal or a truck being driven recklessly, or seeing a snake like wiggling thing.
   It is thought that we feel fear when we can imagine the current situation causing pain. Therefore, horror stories are told like the object of horror is present at the time. Fear occurs when we must react immediately to the current situation.
  Fearful things don't have features in common with each other, therefore they evolved individually through natural selection. That is to say that there is not only one gene for fear.
  Children who are raised in a high-rise apartment building are sometimes not afraid of heights. This is because fear needs to be learned. Like with other emotions, only the foundation is hereditary.
  Fear has a special facial expression. For example, The eyebrows are raised, wrinkles are formed in the center of forehead, eyes are opened very wide, eyelids are pulled up, the white of the eye is increased, mouth is opened little and pulled backward. This expression has been confirmed to weaken an attack when the object of fear is a human.
  Actions of fear include crying or running away depending on the situation. If it's possible we will run away, if it's not possible we will cry and scream, and crouch down. We flee, call for help, defend ourselves, and panic when we feel fear.
  Thanks to these actions of fear, we can avoid danger and survive.

2015年9月21日月曜日

Q54.What is irritation?

A.Irritation is a feeling when we expect something frustrating.<br>
<br>
  Irritation or impatience is felt when we can't remember the answer to a question on a test but time is almost up, or we are not making progress on studying for an upcoming test. Irritation occurs due to expecting frustration.<br>
  If people feel irritation, they become unpleasant, extremely tense, and excited.<br>
  Irritation is different from dissatisfaction in that the actions are only directed to one's self.<br>
  Excessive tension from irritation often makes people respond wrongly, therefore irritation has little value in evolution. Having muscles tensed for fighting is especially useless during an exam.<br>
  Irritation is unpleasant so it encourages preparation to avoid it, which is the only positive effect.

Q53.What is frustration?

A.Frustration is a response in which one is angry and attacks one's self.<br>
<br>
  Frustration is an emotion which branches out from anger depending on the situation.<br>
  Frustration is similar to vexation, or chagrin.<br>
  Frustration is typicallly associated with actions such as stamping one's feet, throwing a tantrum for no good reason, silently looking down, biting one's lip, clenching one's fists, throwing things to the ground, and breaking things. These actions are similar to anger, but are directed towards things which are not the source of the anger.<br>
   When one feels anger and acts on it but knows it will have no effect, one will then adopt inaction because one is unable to attack. Afterwards, in similar situations one feels frustration instead of anger. Frustration is an emotional memory of feeling anger but not acting accordingly.<br>
  For example frustration occurs when one loses a competition because of one's lack of ability. That is to say a person's lack of ability is the cause of anger which becomes frustration. If one's carelessness is the cause then anger becomes shame. If an injustice is the cause of the anger then it remains anger. The object of frustration will be a person unless an inanimate object is personified.<br>
  Frustration is very unpleasant so a person doesn't want to experience it again. It is an emotion that makes one improve one's self. Frustration can be said to be proportionate to a person's aspirations. Frustration is felt more strongly by those with a lot of guts.<br>
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Q52.What is resentment?

A.Resentment is an attitude of continuous anger.<br>
<br>
  Resentment is an emotion derived from expecting to feel anger.<br>
  Resentment is also called grudge, or bitterness.<br>
  Resentment is the state in which a memory of anger is linked with a targeted person because one could not act upon the anger that occurred. Resentment is anger that is prolonged by intelligence.<br>
  When we feel resentment we make efforts to retaliate against someone we could not do anything against while feeling the anger from a previous incident.<br>
  People decreases attacks directed at themselves through retaliating. The Fear of retaliation is especially effective at decreasing attacks towarsds temporarily weak opponents. The risk of resentment is thought to decrease aggression all throughout society.<br>
  Other animals that remember relationships with others, such as monkeys, have been reported to retaliate out of resentment.

Q51.What is indignation?

A.Indignation is an urge to be angry through sympathy.<br>
<br>
  Indignation is also called sense of injustice.<br>
  Indignation is an emotion that branches out from anger caused by sympathy.<br>
  For example, if you see a child crying and being bullied by another child you may feel anger as you put yourself in the bullied child's shoes.<br>
  We can naturally feel the same emotion as another person through empathy. However, indignation is felt through putting ourselves in another's situation. For example, a crying child is not necessarily angry, a crying child may be scared, but observers feel indignation which is anger for justice.<br>
  People feel indignation towards social crimes or unforgivable evils. Indignation causes us to stop another's violence or stage a protest against society through methods such as going on a hunger strike or marching in a demonstration. Indignation is anger felt through another's situation, so personal things cause anger, not indignation.<br>
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Q49.What is contempt?

A.Contempt is an attitude where one is angry but does not act on the anger.<br>
<br>
  Emotions which branch from anger are also contempt, dissatisfaction, indignation, resentment, frustration, and impatience.<br>
  Contempt is an emotion that branches out when the situation causes a person to be angry. Contempt occurs when weak anger and inaction combined.<br>
  Contempt is also called scorn or disdain.<br>
  People whose actions towards other stand out as obedient, such as those who have excessively servile attitudes or use flattery, will be held in contempt by others. People with no value to a person when measured according to the person's sense of value will be despised by the person. If a person is felt of as having little influence that person will not be regarded as necessary to communicate with. Strictly speaking, objects of contempt are only humans, not stones or trees.<br>
  Bad people, whose influence is negative, are also objects of contempt. This is because bad people's influence will lessen if one does not associate with them. However, if you get hurt by that bad person, you will most likely feel anger, not contempt.<br>
  If people feel contempt, they straighten their back, look down the other person, raise their eyebrows and raise one side of mouth. This is a signal of indifference, which means, "do as you wish!". It is sometimes accompanied with a sneer. Sneer is a kind of smile but means, "I'll accept anything you do because your influence is nothing."<br>
  An action which contempt leads to is to refuse to deal with the targeted person and ignore them. A person may blurt out things such as, "That's how X is", or actually spit.<br>
  Contempt makes people cut off unnecessary thinking and move towards the next action. It is not beneficial to deal with someone who has little influence regardless of whether this influence is good or bad. Contempt makes people channel their psychological energy in a more profitable direction.<br>
  If a person feels that the object of contempt is an obstacle, the person may attack it without mercy. The object of contempt is treated as a thing so the hunting instinct activates, not anger. People may torture the object of contempt to death.<br>
  Prejudice or discrimination sometimes occurs from wrongful contempt within a culture. If a person mistakenly thinks that one who is not the original object of contempt is an object of contempt for reasons such as difference of race or gender, discrimination occurs.<br>
  Excessive contempt will make people feel apathetic and become reclusive. However, insufficient contempt makes people feel mentally exhausted.

Q48.What is shame?

A.Shame is a response in which one is angry with oneself.<br>
<br>
  Shame is an emotion which branches out from anger depending on the situation.<br>
  Anger occurs when actions or thoughts are interrupted, and anger calls for action to break it. However, anger sometimes breaks common rules, so shame is an emotion to prevent it. Shame is also called embarrassment, disgrace, humiliation. or things one's pride will not allow.<br>
  When people feel shame they blush. This is because they are fighting to suppress anger. There is a conflict between one's anger and intellect.<br>
  The person is silent, does things such as looking down, trying not to stand out, and trying to hide. Sometimes the person will also hide their face. They are upset, and consciousness is confused. A person may become angry and act violently out of shame. There are some people who become angry and say something like, "I've never been so humiliated!" This is because shame is an emotion that branches out from anger.<br>
  Shame is very unpleasant, so people avoid shameful situations. We will correct our behavior to take a more suitable action.<br>
  Shame occurs in several situations.<br>
  You may feel embarrassed if someone opens the door when you are in the bathroom because you forgot to lock the door. We feel embarrassed if someone sees us using the toilet or preforming sexual acts.<br>
   However, one doesn't feel much embarrassment when one's lover sees a defenseless state such as in the example, because love dispels embarrassment. Otherwise human beings would become extinct.<br>
  We also feel embarrassed when we perform on the stage, when many people are watch us, when we are late for school because we overslept, when we are found nodding off in a class or a meeting, when we lose against an opponent we should have been able to easily beat, or when someone sees a test we failed, and so on. However, we don't regard the poor result on the test as shame if we did our best.<br>
  Common points are that we don't want these occurrence to happen, others to notice our weak points, or someone to see us looking awkward, and so on. Shame or embarrassment requires others. We don't feel embarrassed if there is a tree frog in the bathroom when we use it.<br>
  In conclusion, it is thought that shame will occur in situation in which you are cautioned or something you did is pointed out by others. In other words, embarrassment occurs when you have done something that you could be scolded for.<br>
  It is thought that we feel embarrassed when many people are watching us because there are too many people who can point out our mistakes, and this is similar to when being scolded. If we are completely confident, we don't feel embarrassed, at most we will feel a little bashful.<br>
  People may judge that shame or embarrassment occurs when mistakes are pointed out, so if there are no mistakes one doesn't feel it. However, emotions occur even when the situation is a little different from the standard situation that causes the emotion. An emotion is only the judgment in a certain moment and situation, it doesn't include the context. Therefore, we may feel shame in a situation that others think is not shameful.<br>
  The signals which make us feel shame are another's steady gaze or a voice with anger in it. So if you feel shame very strongly, and you are too conscious of others watching and their responses, then shame is interfering with your life. Shame includes a lot of acquired elements, and early childhood education can enlarge a person's sense of shame, but behavioral therapy can correct this.<br>
  The opposite occurs as well. If a person is spoiled by growing up in an environment in which all the person's anger is accepted, that person will grow up to be a shameless person.<br>
  Shame means that people are cautious to act because they worry about reproaches from others. If someone didn't develop shame in the process of growing, that person may become a person that is confident but arrogant, a busybody that loves rumors and gossip about other people, and insensitive. We cannot make people like this mend their attitude because they don't mind being reproached.<br>
  Shame varies significantly depending on the culture. Some people say Westerners and Japanese hide different body parts in the bath. In general, Japanese have a large range of shame, so it has been called a shame culture. Since a large portion of shame is made by discipline, the difference among cultures and individuals is wide, and it is easy to change.<br>
  Shame decreases with age because situations in which a person is reprimanded decreases with age.<br>
  Parents feel embarrassed when their child fails because they are the one being scolded.<br>
  Shame is an emotion which branches out from anger. If a child does something wrong, a parent or a teacher scolds that child. At that time the child's reaction is anger, but children cannot resist and win against their parents, so children accept this as discipline and start to recognize it as shame. After this, actions which caused shame are always accompanied with a sense of shame.<br>
  Humans are the only animals that point out other's mistakes. Culture requires shame. Only human beings seem to feel shame, but some pets may feel it because they live in human culture. Besides, they are sometimes even educated.<br>
<br>

Q47.What is anger?

A.Anger is an urge to defend against intruders.<br>
<br>
  The fourth basic emotion is anger. Anger is an emotion that branches out from interest depending on the situation. Anger is an emotion for defending one's domain against enemies that intrude.<br>
  Anger has a special facial expression. The skin on your forehead is pulled towards your nose making wrinkles, eyebrows furrow, teeth are clenched, and lips are pressed tight together. This facial expression is a signal to intimidate and expel enemies, which means, "Keep away!"<br>
  Actions of anger are threats and attacks, such as glaring at someone as if to declare war, or actually striking someone to start a fight. In preparation for the impending fight the body tenses and the mind is excited.<br>
  Anger occurs in several situations. For example, being insulted, being treated with contempt, being swindled by someone, being disturbed when doing something, being spoken to when calculating difficult and important problems, and so on.<br>
  Anger is ordinarily directed towards fellow humans. However, we sometimes get angry when we trip on a stone, or end up hitting the corner of a piece of furniture. This is thought to be more because of the simplicity of the brain's structure than personification.<br>
  Anger is thought to work in the following way. When a sudden occurrence stops what we were doing at the time and prevents us from resuming the activity, we start new activities to remove the obstacle.<br>
  The brain functions in following way. When humans want to move their body, a response will appear in the supplementary motor cortex before they are aware of it. This response is a prototype program of action. The signal travels to the motor association cortex, then motor cortex, then it becomes a motor program, and finally the action is physically carried out.<br>
  However, an incident which causes anger interrupts the motor program, so the signal cannot travel to the motor cortex. When we recognize that our actions are continually interrupted a signal will relay from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala, where the cells respond to it and then we feel anger.<br>
  This is not only when actions are interrupted, but also when thoughts are interrupted.<br>
  If an interruption of actions or thoughts is momentary, it causes surprise, but if an interruption of actions or thoughts continues, it causes anger.<br>
  For example, when we trip on a stone, this stops the walking program, and this information flows into the amygdala, causing us to get angry at that stone. After this, if the signal travels from the amygdala to the motor cortex, we will kick that stone far away.<br>
  Emotions like anger are very unpleasant, so we avoid those situations.<br>
  When we feel angry, we will forget a certain amount of fear and pain, therefore we can fight smoothly. We don't notice scratches when we are fighting.<br>
  What is the value of anger? Let's examine how anger works in other animals.<br>
  In animals, the fights and threats that occur are limited to members of the same species. The purpose is either to defend their territories, to fight for their rank in the group, or for a mate. If our actions are interrupted upon meeting a member of the same species, continual interruption of actions or thoughts occurs, we feel anger.<br>
   Territory means the range of our activities and can be expressed as an area of ground. A member's rank in the hierarchy determines how freely it may act, so the rank in the hierarchy and the amount of territory mean the same thing. For modern human beings this means the area of activities rather than land, so anger is the instinct to defend the area which we need to live.

Q46.What is confusion?

A.Confusion is a response when you are surprised and need to act.<br>
<br>
  Confusion is an emotion that branches out when the situation causes one to be surprised.<br>
  Confusion is also called puzzlement, bafflement or bewilderment. We stop moving and search for what action we should take next while we are panicked and confused. We will think of a solution to the problem when we don't have a pattern solution.<br>
  Confusion is a kind of surprise when need to act. When we are not only surprised but also have to act, we feel confusion.

Q45.What is surprise?

A.Surprise is a response in which thought and motion suddenly stop.<br>
<br>
  The third basic emotion is surprise.<br>
  When we are surprised our eyebrows raise, our forehead wrinkles, our eyes open wide, and our mouth becomes round. This facial expression is a signal to draw attention, the same as interest, as if to say, "There is something strange here", as well as a signal for wanting time like saying, "Wait a minute!"<br>
  After surprise there are two kinds of actions: briefly ceasing actions, and jumping up in surprise. Which action is taken is decided by whether the cause of surprise is an emergency or not. We will jump up in cases where our body is directly touched. We will focus on the cause of a surprise seen on television.<br>
  We easily say surprise, but there actually two kinds of surprise. One is a surprise to the body, and the other is a surprise to the mind. A surprise to the body is derived from fear; whereas a surprise to the mind is derived from interest.<br>
  A surprise to the mind, for instance, occurs when hearing about a celebrity's death, or a serious incident on television. We stop moving and closely watch the cause of the surprise.<br>
  A surprise to the body occurs when, for instance, something pops out from a jack-in-the-box, or a person is walking down a hallway and another person suddenly comes rushing by. We automatically avoid it or get ready to protect ourselves. Then we stop moving and closely observe the source once we are safe.<br>
  We always act while making predictions about our surroundings. This includes conscious and unconscious predictions. We are surprised when our predictions are wrong.<br>
  We will not be surprised by things that are irrelevant to our predictions. We are not surprised by that which is unknown and we cannot form a hypothesis about no matter how tremendous it is. For example, if you tell someone who is not interested in astronomy about Steven Hawking's cosmology, that person will likely not be surprised. Most people seen when walking along the road will not be surprised if you tell them that Steven Hawking said black holes will naturally disappear. That person may think you are strange.<br>
   Surprise is an identification of something urgent. A thing which has no connection to you is not an emergency so it will not surprise you.<br>
   In this way we decrease bodily harm by preparing to protect ourselves or avoiding the source. Having the eyes wide open helps to carefully observe the problem, and so that we can speculate the cause and correct old knowledge.<br>
<br>

Q42.What is depression?

A.Depression is felt when we expect something disgusting.<br>
<br>
  Depression is an emotion derived from expecting to feel disgust.<br>
  Human beings have a highly developed intelligence, so we can feel disgust even though we cannot see the disgusting object. We feel depression when confronting a disgusting situation is unavoidable. Depression is an emotion in which we expect a disgusting situation.<br>
  For example, an elementary school age child that dislikes getting needles will feel depressed while waiting to be given a needle.<br>
   This is the state where you don't know what you should do. Anxiety makes people act, but depression takes away the ability to act.<br>
   Depression is an emotion for avoiding disgusting situations or things. They sigh, lost in thought. However, depression sometimes occurs when we clearly cannot avoid disgusting situations. In these cases depression appears to be a side effect of intellect, not an adaptive response.<br>
<br>

Q41.What is beauty and ugliness?

A.Clean and interesting things are beautiful; unclean things that we have to avoid are ugly.<br>
<br>
  The adjective pair corresponding to interest and disgust is beautiful and ugly.<br>
  Beauty is a visual or auditory stimuli that cause a pleasant sensation. There are beautiful paintings, photographs and sounds, but there are not beautiful smells, textures, or flavors. However, in Japanese there is a phrase meaning beautiful flavor called bimi.<br>
  This is because beauty is designed to attract animals from far away. The sense of sight and hearing can discern stimuli that are far away, but the sense of touch and taste can't pick up stimuli that are far away. The sense of smell also has a shorter range than sight and hearing, so beauty does not apply to all senses.<br>
  Some examples of beautiful thing are those that shine like gems, those that appear clean, and the opposite sex as well as others. Among these cleanliness is very similar to beauty.<br>
  A common factor is that approaching these things is advantageous to survival. We use the term beautiful generically for things that we instinctively approach. Things that we should approach, things that are in the distance now but we should approach and learn about, are beautiful.<br>
  Beauty is sometimes sad. For example, there are tragic but beautiful stories and songs. We can also say these are ephemeral. Another person's sadness is also something that people should approach.<br>
  Remote and interesting things are beautiful.<br>
  On the other hand things that are ugly are disliked and/or instinctively avoid. Especially things which are unclean are usually considered ugly. Also like the phrase, "a ugly family feud," shows, the meaning of ugliness isn't restricted to appearances, but includes things that you must stay away from as well.<br>
  When we feel something is ugly we can attack and exclude it without hesitation. In other words, as we evolved we started thinking that things we should exclude are ugly.<br>
  For example, many people feel hyenas are ugly because its looks and voice are a little creepy.<br>
  Hyenas are ugly because disliking them has an advantage in evolution. Both human beings and hyenas will hunt in groups and chase their prey for a long time across the savanna. Most likely humans and hyenas inhabited the same niche for a long time. Therefore, it convenient for humans to feel hyenas are ugly so they can fight and kill hyenas without hesitation.<br>
  These feelings are relative, so hyenas may also feel that human beings are very ugly animals.<br>
  We feel that not only hyenas but also cockroaches are ugly because they are omnivorous which means they are in a way competing with human beings. An anthropologist Tim D. White calls human beings the hyenas of the primate family. So other creatures might think human beings, hyenas, and cockroaches dislike each other because they are very similar.<br>
  The movie trilogy, "The lord of the Ring" made good use of this feeling. In the movie the main character's side is clean and beautiful, while the villain's side is filthy and ugly. Owing to this, we can enjoy the story without empathy for villain's creatures casually killed in a massacre.<br>
  However, these feelings do not apply to all animals. It only applies to animals which are deeply involved with human beings. Animals which are only involved a little with the lives of human beings, we feel they are creepy, for example, bats which are beneficial. This is because their appearance has evolved independently of human beings.<br>
<br>

Q40.What is disgust?

A.Disgust is an attitude towards unclean things.<br>
<br>
  The second basic emotion is disgust.<br>
  There are things which animals have to approach or have to avoid as they live. The things that they have to approach are food, the opposite sex, fellow group members, and a safe environment. Animals which approach them survive, animals which leave them die. Therefore the emotion which causes animals to approach things was developed by natural selection. This is the first basic emotion, the feeling we call interest.<br>
  On the other hand, it is dangerous, for example, to approach a dangerous polluted environment or poison. Animals which approach these things die, animals which avoid them survive. The emotion which causes animals to avoid these things was developed by natural selection. We call this emotion disgust. Disgust is the opposite emotion of interest, it is the emotion to leave these kinds of things.<br>
  Disgust has a special facial expression. We lower our eyebrows, frown, wrinkle our nose, and our mouth stretches vertically. When we display disgust explicitly, we stick out our tongue, which is the pose of vomiting. All of these are refusal signals derived from the actions of vomiting rotten food.<br>
  These behaviors of disgust occur in response to bad food, a person that one dislikes, and unclean things. The value of disgust in evolution is to avoid unclean things and preserve cleanliness.<br>
<br>

Q39.What is infatuation?

A.Infatuation is an attitude for selecting a partner to raise offspring.<br>
<br>
  Infatuation is an attitude that branches out when the situation causes interest to combined with sexual instinct, which is developed by sexual selection.<br>
  Infatuation and love belong to different groups. Infatuation can be the beginning of love, but they don't have a direct relation.<br>
  An example which makes it easy to understand that infatuation is not love is stalkers. Stalking behaviors are a kind of hunting behavior resulting from interest.<br>
  Infatuation is a variation of interest, so it makes you want to learn about someone like interest. Infatuation always needs novelty, therefore anthropologist Helen Fisher said love as in infatuation cools down after about four years. Some couples will separate if they don't feel love at this time.<br>
  Infatuation makes one want to be with the person one likes. The perception connected to that person is pleasant, so one wants to approach that person to see them more.<br>
  If one is infatuated one's feelings become like a child's. One's viewpoint changes, many things seem fresh, and one loses objectivity. One's vision becomes narrow and focused on the things related to the infatuation. One becomes indifferent to other things.<br>
  One starts to imagine that person all the time. That person becomes idealized and one feels that that person is needed, which drives one's infatuation's actions. Every emotional up and down gets larger.<br>
  The value of infatuation goes without saying. It is indispensable for animals with genders.<br>
  Infatuation has special facial expressions too. Such as looking moonstruck, ogling, and a big continuous smile. This expression is a signal of willingness to help that the object of infatuation.<br>
   Infatuation can be difined as an emotion to select a partner, so animals that reproduce sexually likely feel infatuation. For example, horses, cows and sheep display flehmen, which means that they raise their head, stretch out their neck, and curl their upper lip. This behavior is thought to be an expression of infatuation. Courting dances seen among birds are also a display of infatuation.<br>
  Most birds select a partner based on memories from when they were chicks. For example, a male zebra finch was reared for a while with a common finch after hatching. After that the male zebra finch became an adult and mated with a female zebra finch. However, when a female common finch appeared, the male zebra finch went to mate with it.<br>
  As a rule, the intensity of infatuation is proportionate to the difficulty of raising offspring. Animals which have difficulty raising offspring show strong infatuation. The cooperation between a male and female is important for them, therefore they need to select a partner carefully.<br>
  Infatuation occurs when one meets an ideal partner. Of course like the saying, "every one has their own tastes," shows, it is a personal judgement. From the genetic viewpoint, we prefer a partner that is similar to ourselves by the principle of kin selection, but it is dangerous for closely related individuals to be wedded, so we don't like those that are too similar to us. Researchers speculate that this is why we don't feel infatuation for members of the other sex that we grew up with.<br>
  Considered rationally, attraction should ideally be based on the ability to make up for the weakness of each other, but this is actually rare. Researchers only found the tendency for a talkative person and a good listener to be coupled.<br>
  Love at first sight is thought to be formed on a single aspect such as eyes, voice, gestures, and so on. It is an unconscious choice in which one is strongly attracted to one element of another, so we sometimes cannot say why we like that person. This is because the emotional memory of infatuation is connected to that one element.<br>
   In other words, when experiencing love at first sight, the element of the person one falls in love with is similar to someone in one's memory, it is thought that they have seen some attractive signal in that person's smile, or sad look on their face.<br>
  Those memories are broken down and then reorganized. Episode memory is not yet developed in small children, therefore those past experiences become emotional memories of infatuation, which are formed based on one piece of information connected to emotion.<br>
  The factors that make one a universally ideal partner are good health, or ability to make a living, and so on. These factors which need rational calculations are irrelevant to infatuation because it is an unconscious selection. The state of health is judged by figure or style, not a clinical chart or medical history; the ability to make a living is judged by stability of their voice or how intelligible they are, not by actual income.

Q38.What is essential for humor?

A. A trick is essential for humor.<br>
<br>
  In comedy acts or comedic skits, if a person guesses the end, the laughter decreases by half. If you can predict the end, the humor also decreases. Why is this?<br>
  The people who can predict the outcome of a trick are the trick's performer and the person watching. Spectators feel guilty which suppresses the humor because they knew the outcome but didn't stop the performer. Being able to predict the outcome makes you stand in the performer's position.<br>
  I don't know whether it is done deliberately or unconsciously, but we can use complicated techniques to make others laugh such as making boring jokes in succession to temporarily subduing the audience and then the audience laughs at the comedian's awkwardness.<br>
  Making a retort after a bad joke can make people laugh because the comedian making the bad joke becomes the trick's recipient. Comedians such as Matsumura Kunihiko or Murakami Shoji use this technique.<br>
  Most funny things are in some way an act of failure, but we do not laugh unless we understand why it failed. If you see someone slip and fall on a snow-packed road you may feel it is funny, but if you see someone float as if weightless and tumble on the asphalt road it would look like a supernatural phenomenon and surprise you so you would not laugh.<br>
   In order to feel something is funny we must understand the cause of the failure, therefore if we don't know why a failure occurred we won't feel it is funny.<br>
  This is because not knowing places the person on the trick's recipient side. The recipients don't understand what is happening at the time. They feel that they are taken in by the trick.<br>
  We would not laugh if the person who falls down is covered in a blood and stops moving. We do not laugh for something serious. This is because in cases like these the strength of different emotions such as fear or surprise drive away humor.<br>
  Also, we do not laugh if we stand on the same side as the recipient of the laughter. It is nearly impossible to laugh if it is your child that is being laughed at. The reason for this is because we feel we are taken in by the trick too.<br>
  However, we can laugh with the trickster if we are in relax situation in which we don't need to take responsibility even if we are laughed at. Of course, we do not laugh in situations which make us responsible for the failure.<br>
  If we are laughed at but free of responsibility we are able to laugh because we are able to see the trick from the spectator's viewpoint.<br>
  With this we can explain the logic of puns.<br>
  Puns can be divided into two groups. The first group is puns that everyone admires, says, "wow!", and then laughs after hearing it. The second one is puns that everyone corrects with laughter and say, "That's not right!"<br>
  The first type of puns are an intentionally mistaken remark. An intentionally mistaken remark is a kind of trick. This type of pun shows what the recipient says as being caught in the trick.<br>
  The second type of puns express the response of the trick's recipient. The recipient is shown as still misunderstanding, in other words, this type of pun expresses the confusion and shock after a trick is received.<br>
  Puns can be called tricks with words.<br>
  <br>
<br>
■What is the structure of humor? <br>
<br>
Humor is constructed of three parts: a performer, recipient, and audience.<br>
  There are some interesting phenomena derived from the complexity of humor. We can nonchalantly say something offensive about a lover or friend, but if others say something offensive about them we become angry. This is because your lover and friends are on the same side as you. Therefore, saying something offensive about your own lover to someone else is the same as making others laugh by telling them about your own failure.<br>
  These are both tricks with words and false attacks, so they are usually spoken with a smile and never with an unpleasant expression. If the person's expression is really unpleasant it is a real attack, something actually offensive.<br>
  However, if someone agrees with something offensive you say about yourself, it is the same as that person saying something offensive about you so it makes you feel unpleasant.<br>
  Saying something offensive about ourselves or those close to us is humor to make others laugh. We don't ask for the other person's confirmation or opinion.<br>
  This type of humor appears in a lot of situations. For example, a nickname sounds humorous. This is because a nickname is a weak attack.<br>
  Group specific jargon sometimes includes weak attacks. Taxi drivers call long distance customers, "ghosts", because they are very rare, but this word, "ghost" includes a slight attack.<br>
  A false attack which makes humor is difficult to distinguish from a real attack. We must judge by taking the other person's feelings into account. Otherwise you would end up sexually harassing a woman though you intended to make a joke. This is because even if an attack is a false one, the recipient won't be happy.<br>
  Therefore, comedians such as Down-town, and Akashiya Sanma sometimes make women in the TV program with them cry. They make the audience laugh with abnormally aggressive attacks which are only permitted due to TV's virtual world effect. Viewers recognize that these are false attacks because it is a TV program. However, some young celebrities which aren't used to it don't feel that it is a false attack, so they sometimes cry because they aren't watching but in the place.<br>
  Superiors shouldn't use attack style humor to their subordinates. Since humor can only deepen the trust between people when they can both tease each other, so if you use attack style humor towards subordinates who cannot return it, it will become harassment. You should use humor with friends where social position is not a factor. A false attack to superiors is satire, to friends is humor, and to subordinates is harassment.<br>
  Satire is similar to humor but does not have the effect of enhancing the relationship with the superior who is the recipient, and superiors don't return humor to subordinates. Satire's function and effect is different from humor.<br>
  If you want to become a humorous person, you should make false or weak attacks about a third party, or act like you are perplexed as a recipient. Furthermore, it should be an unpredictable yet understandable act for audiences.<br>
  Humor needs three elements; a performer, recipient, and audience.<br>
  If you feel that a person slipping on the frozen road is funny, the performer is weather, the recipient is the person who falls, and the audience is you.<br>
  If you make people laugh by telling them about your failure, you are the performer and also the recipient. In social satire the recipient is society.<br>
  There is a pattern in some TV shows where the main character that looks like a common person is actually very competent but his or her friends and acquaintances don't know this. One example is Nakamura Mondo in "Revenge-assassins" (Hissatsu-Shigotonin in Japanese). The reason why this is interesting is that this fulfills humor's conditions; the performer is the main character or author, the recipient is his enemies and those around him, and the audience is the viewers.<br>
  In manzai, a kind of comedy act famous in Japan, there are usually two comedians, one's role is boke (the fool) and the other's role is tsukkomi (the retorter), in order to fulfill humor's three elements. The performer is tsukkomi, the recipient is boke, and the audience is the people in the audience.<br>
   Therefore, if you want to be a humorous person, you should first be aware these three elements, and practice to find the right intensity for false attacks. The most critical point is that the performer and the recipient, the comedians on the stage, don't laugh during the performance. The only people who laugh are the audiences. Many people mistakenly make the person they want to make laugh become the recipient, so you should be very careful of this.<br>
  Humor appears when you are aware that you are a coincidental eyewitness, not the trick's performer or recipient. Here trick means children's pranks and adult's jokes.<br>
  Adults have a triangular framework for recognizing humor, which consists of a performer, recipient, and audience. You feel something is funny when you recognize the situation and realize you are part of the audience.<br>
<br>
■What is humor's value in evolution? <br>
<br>
Humor is a technique to avoid conflict through making people equal.<br>
  Humor is a branch of interest. Humor is the emotion that appears when interest's interpersonal actions are appraised. However, that it excludes the part that causes guilt is a point of complexity.<br>
  Only animals that require highly social relationships have humor.<br>
  Animals which live in groups have to share their territory with each other, hence a dominance hierarchy in which the alpha resolves conflicts. Human beings added humor into this. Humor allows territories to overlap without a hierarchy through false attacks on each other. Humor means equality.<br>
  If someone is so sensitive about being attacked that they interpret weak or false attacks as real attacks, that person's relationships will not go smoothly. If someone cannot make a close relationship with others, cannot trust others thoroughly, that person may not have experienced enough pranks during his or her childhood.<br>
  Only human beings have humor, but some apes may have humor.<br>
  When a gorilla, which was taught sign language, was asked the color of a white towel it answered that the towel was red. It gave the same answer even when asked many times. However, when the researchers looked more closely they found a red thread on the towel. This behavior might be humor as a false attack if this is considered an assertion of the researcher's oversight.

Q37.What is humor?

A. Humor is an urge to accept a child's mistakes.<br>
<br>
  Humor is an emotion derived from interest. You may double over laughing or burst out laughing when you hear a funny joke. Some people may blush because of trying to hold back their laughter.<br>
  A sense of humor is important in human life, but people strangely don't know this mechanism. What situations cause people to feel that something is funny? How can a person think of ideas for something funny that others will feel is funny too?<br>
  To solve this problem we will first consider the reason why the emotion called humor developed in evolution. In other words, the reason that humor is a pleasant sensation.<br>
  Pleasant sensations make people want to continue or re-experience that situation. However, what we know as humor is difficult to make on our own and mainly received from others. For example the audience watching comedy acts will laugh but not the comedians. It is difficult to make a situation we feel is funny on our own if we want to re-experience it.<br>
  Let's examine the life of hunters and gatherers which is the foundation of emotion's development. Meaning how did people make humor in that period.<br>
  This is understood if you think back to childhood, playing a prank or fooling around and you felt it was funny. Children love pranks and teasing. The phrase "Are you kidding?" shows us the deep connection between kids and jokes or pranks.<br>
  The reason which children play pranks is that it is interesting, in other words, because this situation is a fun and pleasant sensation. Naturally, that children play pranks has some advantage in evolution.<br>
  The first point of value of pranks in evolution is that children use it to measure the distance between themselves and others, in other words, in order to recognize the range of interpersonal behavior ─ what you may do, and what you shouldn't do. Therefore, adults play less pranks because they have already acknowledged this.<br>
  The second point of value is to strengthen the relationship with others. A special feature of pranks is that it looks like an attack, but it actually cannot cause real damage. It is not a real attack, so after it occurs they negate this attack by showing the very defenseless state of laughter. They express that it was a trick through actions such as being doubled over with laughter, which are a dangerous position with zero defensive ability.<br>
  Humans are inseparable from mistakes or misunderstandings. In such cases people would cause a little trouble to others. If you feel it a hostile act and get angry, the relationship will be easily broken. We can stabilize relationships through the shared experience of a trick as a false attack.<br>
  The third point of value is to draw other's attention. It is something done when you want people to watch you, or pay attention to you. Therefore, it also occurs in times of romance or jealousy.<br>
   False attacks can also be called surprises. False attacks look like attacks at a glance, but only in form. When the defenders get into a defensive stance, then the attackers laugh as if to say, "this is not an attack".<br>
  Some comedians are quick to strip down in public, because being naked is a false attack. The other people dislike it but there is no actual harm. On a nude beach it would not become a gag.<br>
  Mimicry is also a false attack to the mimicked celebrity so it is funny. Wasn't there a classmate who was popular for mimicking the teacher when you were a child?<br>
  Pranks like this ― tricks decreases as you age. This is because of guilt. If a child play a trick, they get scolded by adults. When the guilt exceeds the pleasure of playing tricks on others they will stop playing them.<br>
  Guilt is significantly different due to the nation's culture. Some Japanese feel foreign comedy programs are boring, because the content sometimes matches what makes them feel guilty. When adults watch people waste food and fool around on a variety show, they think that it is an anti-educational program and dislike it. To waste food causes guilt.

Q36.What is boredom?

A. Boredom is a feeling expressing a state of disinterest.<br>
<br>
  The opposite of fun is boredom. Boredom is also an emotion branching from interest's or infatuation's appraisal. It occurs when you are fatigued, you grow tried of something, and you cannot find something that is interesting.<br>
  It is a state of mental fatigue, and it decreases your vitality. Some people will try to relieve it by drinking or gambling, etc. It makes you rest physically and mentally. It also causes a shift in your lifestyle through introspection.

Q35.What is fun?

A. Fun is a feeling expressing a satisfied state of interest.<br>
<br>
  Fun is related to interest and infatuation, for example, it is fun to do things with friends or spend time with a lover. Fun is felt when one's interest or infatuation is satisfied. Fun is the emotion branching out from interest's or infatuation's appraisal.<br>
  Therefore, if you lose interest and infatuation in life you cannot enjoy doing things.<br>
  If you feel fun you will smile. This expression is a signal of acceptance.<br>
  This smiling out of fun has the effect of showing off their ability to others, especially to the other sex. For men, a woman's smile is very appealing, but in comparison a man's smile is less appealing. It is not that there is no appeal, but depending on the circumstances, you may feel that it is a silly smile. This may be the same for women. A smile is a stronger signal for the other sex than for the same sex.<br>
  Fun makes a person more active, but on the other hand, less careful. It lowers wariness and increases the amount of actions.<br>
  Fun decreases reservation towards others and makes you act more boldly. Creative ideas have been proven to emerge easily in fun. Fun is the state of successfully acting on an interest, so helps to expand your range of interest, and territory.

Q34.What is interest?

A.Interest is an attitude of exploring in order to expand territory.<br>
<br>
  The first of the seven main emotions is interest. All emotions originate from approaching to obtain nourishment and avoiding filth. To approach is the essence of interest.<br>
  There are four main kinds of actions interest leads to.<br>
<br>
1.Establishment and expansion of one's territory<br>
  Territory is not only an area of land but, for human beings it is a repertory of activities. Expanding territory increases possible activities.<br>
  Therefore, interest causes adventure into unknown places, challenging unknown activities or work such as exploring caves. In other words starting new things. Naturally, targeted activities are compared to one's current abilities and seem possible to do. This is slightly stronger in men.<br>
  Things of interest are things you are connected or familiar with to some extent, and as interest progresses this range expands little by little. Therefore, things with few unknown parts easily become boring.<br>
<br>
2.Hunting activities<br>
  This means things which change or move become interesting. Many boys are interested in vehicles or insects, it is an interest in hunting activities, therefore they chase and approach these things. For adults it corresponds to sports.<br>
  This is thought to derive from the difference in the range of peripheral vision in men and women. The central visual field has cells which discern colors, but peripheral vision has cells which are sensitive to movements.<br>
  The cause of the difference in abilities between the sexes is that in women the route for object vision from the cells in the central visual field, which discern colors, to the temporal lobe develops more easily, while in men the route for spatial vision from the cells, which are sensitive to the movements, used in peripheral vision to the parietal lobe develops more easily.<br>
  Human beings see three primary colors, but 1 in 20 men see two primary colors, and 1 in 8 women see four primary colors.<br>
  Women's fashion, such as skirts and earrings, take advantage of this trait that men have. If men see a skirt fluttering or an earring swinging, their eyes are naturally drawn to the movement and look at it. The result of understanding the effectiveness of this is that skirts and earrings are established as women's fashion, and also give a feminine impression.<br>
<br>
3.Gathering activities<br>
  This means to gather things which are a similar size, colorful, a similar shape, unmoving and displayed, or numerous, such as coins, postage stamps, books, CDs, gems, clothes, or designer goods.<br>
  Women like gems or flowers because it is related to gathering activities. Researchers believe that women searched for edible plants or fruits in the period of hunters and gatherers. Flowers are a sign of this. Women may like gems because gems are also considered as an eternal flower.<br>
<br>
4.Selecting fellows and pursuing a rank in the group<br>
  This means things which respond to your approach are checked in order to find future in-group members. This is because people who ignore you will not become part of your in-group.<br>
  People surprise or weakly attack without hurting a fellow group member, in other words, playing pranks or bothering them in an effort to confirm if the target is a member of their in-group. Most conversations between human beings are also done for this purpose.<br>
  Interest is an indispensable emotion for all animals, necessary for establishing and expanding their territory, learning life skills, and making a position for themselves in their social group.<br>
  When human beings feel interest they make a special face; slightly knitting their brows and rounding their mouth. This expression is a signal which means, "there is something here that you should pay attention to."<br>
  Interest makes you focus your attention on the target and decrease other input information, and if you become enthusiastic you may forget slight pain. This is useful for hunting. Interest is a pleasant sensation that makes you continue to approach the target. This is useful for learning life skills.<br>
   Therefore the interest of adults is weaker than children. Adults lose interest because they have already finished many activities such as deciding their territory, obtaining some skills, and establishing their position. So that some adults are obstinate and don't feel interest for new things is appropriate from a biological viewpoint.<br>
  Why does interest decrease with aging? Strength of interest is clearly related to dopamine, which tends to decrease with aging. The circuit of the brain seems to be made to decrease the pleasure of challenging new things as a person ages.<br>
  The interest which women feel for cute things is instinctive preparation for childcare. That many women like conversation more than men might be because as a mother she will teach her baby to speak.

Q33.How do emotions develop?

A.Emotions develop and branch out through conflict.<br>
<br>
  From the next chapter I will explain emotions in detail one by one using categories. I will state details for every emotion such as in what situations the emotion is felt, how and why it develops in evolution, what actions it leads to, and about the social influences of these actions.<br>
  Please refer to diagram 3, the genealogical chart of emotions. I will explain the seven main emotions and their derivative emotions.<br>
  In the genealogy of interest there is interest, fun, boredom, humor, and infatuation.<br>
  In the genealogy of aversion there is aversion, and depression.<br>
  In the genealogy of surprise there is surprise, and bafflement.<br>
  In the genealogy of anger there is anger, frustration, shame, contempt, indignation, grudge, mortification, and impatience.<br>
  In the genealogy of fright there is fright, relief, awe, and anxiety.<br>
  In the genealogy of love there is love, happiness, honor, loneliness, hate, jealousy, sadness, pity, and guilt.<br>
  In the genealogy of hope there is hope, embarrassment, delight, gratitude, envy, confidence, helplessness, and disappointment.<br>
  There are emotions that are similar at a glance but have completely different essences. Consider emotions such as fun and delight, confidence and honor, embarrassment and shame, envy and jealousy, depression and anxiety, frustration and impatience, aversion and contempt, love and infatuation. These emotions are difficult to distinguish because they lead to similar actions and appear similar on the surface, but they are actually dissimilar emotions whose origins are different.<br>
  Emotions are not essentially good or bad. The emotions that people tend to think of as negative such as contempt or anger are also important emotions, which are necessary to live. If you don't have these emotions life will be difficult. A person who doesn't have contempt will be troubled by lots of mental fatigue; a person who doesn't have anger will end up placed in an undeserved position.<br>
   However, the development of memory and language in human beings makes emotions continue for a long time. Therefore, anxiety, depression, frustration and helplessness for example are valuable for a person at first, but the continuation of these emotions can cause maladjustment.<br>
  Most psychological problems can be understood as the incomplete formation or divergence of emotional memory. For example, a person whose love is underdeveloped cannot form advanced emotions branching from the stem of love such as honor, pity, guilt, and a sense of responsibility. A visual image of the tree of emotion's development can be used make this easier to understand.<br>
  The development and diversion of emotions is derived from conflict. When you feel anger but cannot act based on that anger, shame or mortification will emerge. When you feel delight but cannot act based on that delight, gratitude or embarrassment will emerge. Rich emotions develop in the conflicts and trials of human relations.<br>
<br>
(caution!)<br>
  From now on I will sometimes refer to the differences of sexes in the concrete explanation of emotions. However, these explanations do not apply to all men and women. It is just general differences using averages.<br>
  For example, "Women tend to place a stronger emphasis on conversation" is like saying, "men are tall". There are many women who are taller than some men, there are also many talkative men such as the celebrity Sanma Akashiya and the newscastor Ichiro Furutachi.

Q32.What is emotional memory?

A.It is the memory of a behavior pattern based on genes.<br>
<br>
  These emotional circuits develop according to experiences when growing from an infant to a child, and to an adult. In this sense emotions can be called a kind of memory.<br>
  It might be unexpected that emotion is memory. First I will explain why it should be called memory.<br>
  Emotion is a particular response pattern to environmental information. It is a combination of a situation and an action such as when you are insulted you become angry.<br>
  People say that most people will become more affable as they grow older. This means the input leading to the actions of anger have decreased. The combination of input and output can change by life experience.<br>
  For a more simple example, if you are afraid of dogs because you were bitten when you were a child, you have the memory of "dogs ⇒ fear".<br>
  Emotion is remembering the combination of input and output in life, in other words memory.<br>
  A unique feature of emotional memory is that it does not start from 0. If you are terribly insulted, you will be angry. This pattern is universal to all mankind. In other words core patterns are already decided by genes, and those patterns will gradually change. The most variable period is childhood, therefore people say that character is decided during childhood.<br>
  The base of emotions is in genes, so it can be compared to seeds. In other words genes which are related to emotions are like seeds.<br>
  We cannot know exactly what shape this plant will become. Human beings also vary from each other according to their environment. As we cannot imagine how much fruit a seed will make, a person's character is not completely decided.<br>
  However, as the type of plant is decided by the seed, things that aren't in the genes won't appear.<br>
  Likewise, if a seed has problems, even if you water it properly it might not grow. The way of growing a plant depends on the type of seed.<br>
  Watering would be comparable to parents, the amount of sunlight and precipitation would be comparable to the circumstances a person lives in. Emotions grow in this way while receiving various influences.

Q31.What is the relationship between emotions and a brain?

A.A brain has the circuit for emotions.<br>
<br>
  Brain disorders research has made clear the place where emotions work. Look at the picture.<br>
  The path to recognize what emotion is felt is: sensory receptor → sensory cortex → sensory association cortex → amygdala → prefrontal cortex → motor association cortex → motor cortex → motor organ.<br>
  The path to recognize quantity of emotion is: internal organs → hypothalamus → motor association cortex → motor cortex → motor organ.<br>
  In the case of emotions which don't need a complicated analysis, such as aversion and fear, there is also a path to enter the amygdala directly from sensory receptor.<br>
  The route for controlling actions of emotions is, sensory receptor → sensory cortex → sensory association cortex→ basal nuclei → supplementary motor cortex → motor cortex → motor organ.<br>
  Among these the particularly important parts connected to emotions are the amygdala, hypothalamus, basal nuclei, and prefrontal cortex.<br>
<br>
Amygdala<br>
  Amygdala is the organ for recognizing emotions.<br>
  Amygdala has cells to handle various emotions. Cells which only respond to a favorite food were discovered in the amygdala of monkeys.<br>
  Monkeys will escape when they see a snake. However, a monkey which has had its amygdala removed isn't afraid of snakes. On the contrary, that monkey will attempt to eat snakes. It has lost its emotions.<br>
  Of course the amygdala has a crucial influence on human beings too. During the autopsy a tumor was found in the amygdala of the vicious criminal who killed 38 people at Texas University in United States.<br>
 <br>
Hypothalamus<br>
  Emotions have two important elements. First is that emotions can be felt before acting. The second is that people can recognize the quantity.<br>
  The degree that the hypothalamus acts corresponds to the emotion's quantity. Regardless of what emotion is felt, the hypothalamus expresses the quantity of the emotion currently felt.<br>
  The rat which had an electrode inserted into its hypothalamus cells will continue to push the button which sends electricity to the electrode. Even if there are painful obstacles such as an electric shock on the road to the button, the rat will overcome those obstacles and continue to push the button without eating food until it passes out. Researchers believe this is because the rat received a strong pleasant sensation.<br>
  Each emotion has a related chemical substance. Interest is related to dopamine, love is related to oxytocin, anger is related to testosterone, fear is related to serotonin. The quantity of these chemicals is related to the quantity of the emotion.<br>
<br>
Basal nuclei<br>
  The basal nuclei regulates the action of emotion.<br>
  The cells which get excited according to the action accompanying an emotion were found in the basal nuclei. It controls the motor program for emotions. Pleasure and displeasure occurs there and cause the corresponding action.<br>
<br>
Prefrontal cortex<br>
  The motor program is made in the prefrontal cortex. It is the part that makes concrete actions.<br>
  The amygdala, hypothalamus, basal nuclei, and prefrontal cortex are the places where emotion is, but other parts are not irrelevant. Functions of the mind operate only after the circular route is completed, but the narrowest parts of this route for emotion are the amygdala, hypothalamus, basal nuclei, and prefrontal cortex.

Q30.What role in evolution do emotions play?

A.The conflict of emotions created intellect.<br>
<br>
  Why did emotions develop in evolution? Let's examine from the viewpoint of evolution.<br>
  Are there living things which have emotions but don't move? How about living things which move but don't have emotions?<br>
  If living things which don't move have emotions, it is completely useless. Useless things will never advance in evolution.<br>
  Therefore we can assume that plants don't have emotions. Some people believe that cacti have telepathy, or some people talk to plants. They think plants have emotions, but they are only projecting their own feelings onto plants. It is not the plant's own emotion.<br>
  Some viruses jump back when they receive a harmful stimulus. We can see the prototype of fear and aversion in viruses, although it is made of little more than DNA and a shell. This is not an emotion but an action which is its origin. Even primitive life forms can react to their environment, but they don't have nerve cells because they are unicellular organisms. We can assume that there is a reaction to the environment before emotion emerges.<br>
  Therefore action appears earlier than emotion. The action accompanying an emotion also exists as a mechanical reaction without emotion.<br>
  Why is it better to have a reaction with emotion than a reaction without emotion? What advantage does this have?<br>
  A possible advantage is that it will be aware of its own actions from now on.<br>
  If you feel strong anger, you can notice that you will behave violently now. Awareness of anger means you can decide whether to control the action or not by reason.<br>
  In a quarrel between a husband and wife one may attempt to throw something. If one of them notices that the thing is a piece of pottery with a value of several million yen, the person would decide not to throw it. If you walk in the street and someone bumps into you, you may feel angry, but if you notice that person is a large rugged man, you would endure with silence. This is the role of emotions.<br>
  Since there is emotion, we can act rationally. We can say that emotion brought forth intellect.<br>
  An important point about emotion is that we can recognize the quantity of emotion.<br>
  Emotion has quantity such as being a little happy, or very happy. If the quantity of an emotion is too small, you cannot recognize the emotion. If the quantity of an emotion is too large, you will act before you recognize the emotion. In other words emotions have a maximum and a minimum. If a person's maximum limit of emotion is very low the person will act emotionally, but if a person's minimum limit of emotion is very high the person acts insensibly, or inhumanly. The person who has rich emotion is the person whose emotional range is wide the minimum is low and the maximum is high.<br>
  For example when one makes a mistake at work and the boss makes a cynical, insinuating remark. If the anger caused by the situation is lower than the minimum threshold, one feels nothing and pays no attention to it. If the anger caused by the situation is higher than the maximum threshold, one will turn upon the boss in a fury saying something like, "That's hardly the way to talk."We can feel anger when it is between these limits.<br>
   We sometimes say, "don't get emotional, be reasonable!" We understand that reason, in other words intellect, are the opposite of emotion as this phrase suggests. However, as I said, emotion is necessary for intellect. Intellect is a product of emotion.

Q29.What sort of things are included in emotion?

A.There are 38 emotions and four categories; urges, responses, attitudes, and feelings.

  To begin with, what is it we call "emotion?"
  Emotion is sometimes very complicated and unclear. How can you identify the difference between similar words such as shame and abashment, which are very difficult to distinguish? Are there not emotions which depend on the individual or ethnicity? For example, some people say the emotion called "amae," meaning a dependence on others, is peculiar to Japan, however "amae" actually is also be found in Korea and some eastern counties.
  The best way to organize without confusion is to classify by the viewpoint of behavior, because the meaning of words develops from what sort of behavior is connected to them.
  Therefore, some counties which have many names for cuts of meat, for example France and Korea, also have many words for ways of cooking. In the same way Japanese has many names for fish, which sometimes changes depending on the stage of development. The most famous example is Inuits using different words to express states of snow.
  This shows that the complexity of the behavior corresponds to the complexity of the word. The words expressing emotions are nouns, so if you consider what kind of behavior is connected to the word, you can make clear the difference of emotions.
  To think about what emotion is I started by thoroughly enumerating the words expressing emotions in the dictionary. I classified emotions by the action or behavior which they are connected to, and gathered similar emotions into a group.
  Next, I classified the emotions by where it's directed and whether the effect is continuous or instant, and this made four types. The four types of emotions are response, urge, feeling, and attitude. For example:
  
1. Urge: actions caused by these emotions are directed at the other person, and the effect is instant.
  sadness, humor, anger, indignation, embarrassment, delight
2. Response: actions caused by these emotions are directed at one's self, and the effect is instant.
  surprise, shame, mortification, relief, bafflement, fright, awe, disappointment
3. Attitude: the behavior caused by these emotions are directed at the other person, and the effect is continuous.
  love, hate, jealousy, pity, guilt, curiosity, infatuation, contempt, grudge, aversion, gratitude, envy
4. Feeling: the behavior caused by these emotions are directed at one's self, and the effect is continuous.
  happiness, honor, loneliness, fun, boredom, frustration, impatience, depression, anxiety, hope, confidence, helplessness.
  
  How should the relationship between the four types and 38 emotions be analyzed? Some emotions are easy, but some emotions have only subtle differences. It is difficult to know where to start to analyze them.
  The key is to follow how emotions changed throughout the history of evolution.
  If one thinks about the evolution of life, the actions of ancient life are very simple, but human beings are very complicated. Most simple life has only two actions which are to approach and to move away, and this is the beginning of emotions.
  An ameba will approach the food it finds and escape when it finds something poisonous. It's very simple. Birds will not only approach food and escape from predators, but also dance to approach a mate and fight off rivals. Humans will approach food and escape from something poisonous too, but also make strange art, write literature, and play sports. These acts are complicated and innumerable.
  Emotions are classified on the basis of the resulting action. So we can assume that in the process of life's evolution emotions become further complicated with the complication of the action. This is illustrated in the first diagram, and the detailed explanation of this is in chapters 2, 3, and 4.